by This Little Piggy » Tue Jan 27, 2015 4:53 pm
Here's the review I posted on Amazon. My title was "far from a definitive guide."
If this book had simply been presented as an introduction to some of the sausages Ryan Farr has developed for his shop, 4505 Meats, and made it clear that he was making things easy by presenting a one-size-fits-all approach, I would probably have given it four stars. But it claims to be "THE definitive guide" to "sausage-making" in general and introduces his way of making sausages as the "master technique." That sets the bar a lot higher; and it fails to measure up to that standard. Hence three stars.
It stumbles, right out of the gate, by failing to understand what makes a sausage. The opening words of the first chapter declare in bold type: "Sausage is an emulsification of meat, fat, and liquid, and it's the relative proportion of these ingredients that determines the texture of the sausage. When protein (ground meat) and liquid are combined, the mixture forms a sticky paste, called farce, that can readily absorb fat."
Unfortunately, not one of these statements about the nature of the meat mixture in a sausage is accurate.
An emulsion is defined as a mixture of two immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed in the other liquid as small droplets or globules. A sausage is not a mixture of liquids. Proteins in the meat (principally myosin) are soluble in a concentrated brine, and the goal in sausage-making is to release or introduce enough myosin to be able to bind to the fat globules and trap them in a protein web that will prevent them from coalescing as they melt. That's what makes a tasty, juicy sausage. The proteins may be dissolved in liquid, but since they are not themselves liquid it is more accurate to speak of forming a protein web or matrix, which sets into a gel when it's cooked, and not an emulsion - even for what are traditionally called "emulsified sausages".
This would be mere pedantic nit-picking if his misunderstanding of the nature of a sausage did not lead to poor technique and some bizarre recipes.
His "master technique" for making sausage says to continue mixing it until you have "a homogenous paste," as if you were beating or whipping it to make something like a mayonnaise. Such overmixing is entirely unnecessary, and for many types of sausage "a homogenous paste" is simply undesirable. Such overmixing can easily degrade your sausage, because, as he acknowledges, it "damages the cell structure of the meat so that it can no longer absorb the added liquid and fat." (27-8)
This is another misunderstanding. A proper protein matrix does not absorb fat; it coats it and traps it. The reason to avoid damaging the cell structure of the meat and fat (by overchurning it in the grinder, not cutting it cleanly, or by overmixing the farce) is simply that ruptured cells will leak their contents. Again, it is not an emulsion, where you are trying to maximize the amount of liquid that can be dispersed in or "absorbed" by another. You're simply trying to prevent the stuff you're putting in your sausage from leaking out.
His reason for overmixing is that "kneading helps release the protein in the meat." This is another misunderstanding. Myosin is released (or more precisely, solubilized) by salt, not by the mechanical action of mixing or kneading. Since he does not add salt to the meat until he is mixing, it has very little time to do its work (plus it is diluted by the other ingredients in the mix). As a result he has to overmix to try and extract enough myosin to bind the sausage mix together. In a number of his recipes, that's not enough, and he has to rely on additives, such as milk powder, in order to achieve a sufficient bind. Because the salt has had so little time to act, he has you refrigerate the mix for at least 6 hours or overnight before stuffing. If this does work to allow enough myosin to be extracted, you will now have another problem, as the mix can set up so firmly that it will be very difficult to force through the stuffer.
Better technique is to cube or coarse grind just the lean meat, salt it (using the entire amount called for by your recipe), vacuum seal it if you can, and let it sit in the refrigerator until you extract enough myosin (a few hours up to two days, depending on the meat and the degree of bind desired). Then you grind it to the desired fineness with the fat, mix it with the seasoning and liquid just enough to combine, and then stuff in casings.
His misunderstanding of what binds a sausage together and holds the fat in suspension results in some bizarre recipes. For his Cajun Boudin, he has you grind the meats into a bowl over a bowl filled with ice, apparently forgetting that the meats have just simmered for an hour and a half and so concerns about heating them up in the grinder are a little misplaced. Then he has you hold the farce in the refrigerator overnight, a step traditionally intended to extract the salt-soluble proteins from the meat and improve the bind. Except, in this case, the meats are cooked, which means that the proteins are denatured and no longer soluble. Instead, this sausage relies on the starch in the rice for the bind, and if you think about how hard rice sets up as it gets cold, you'll understand why it would be better to stuff the sausages warm and then refrigerate.
Finally, in his introduction to the chapter on "smooth sausages," he writes, "Temperature is extremely important when making a smooth sausage. Your farce must not ever get warmer than 40ºF/4ºC or the emulsion will break, just as when making a mayonnaise, and you'll end up with a sausage that has a grainy texture and a greasy mouthfeel." (112)
Again, this is quite inaccurate. When preparing a meat batter by chopping or grinding, the maximum desirable temperature is significantly higher than he says and depends on the meat: approximately 8ºC (46ºF) for poultry, 12ºC (53ºF) for pork, and 18ºC (64ºF) for beef.
The reason for these temperatures is not that "the emulsion will break" (which happens when you simply can't disperse any more of one liquid in another and it begins to separate out); instead, these temperatures are based on the melting point of the fat, for the simple reason that when fat melts the droplets run together or coalesce and quickly become larger than the soluble proteins can coat and trap.
All that said, many of the recipes in the book look quite tasty and I'm eager to try them. As long as you approach them with an understanding of all that's wrong with his technique, you should get good results.
"Nothing exceeds like excess."
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